🥦Kale

⚠️ Cabbage worms chewing holes in leaves

Cover plants with floating row cover to block egg-laying moths, or hand-pick green caterpillars and apply Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) if infestations are heavy.

⚠️ Aphids clustering in curled new leaves

Rinse with a strong water spray and encourage ladybugs and parasitic wasps by interplanting with dill or alyssum.

⚠️ Leaves turning bitter and tough in summer heat

Provide afternoon shade during hot spells or shift kale plantings entirely to the cooler shoulder seasons.

⚠️ Yellowing lower leaves

This is often normal aging — simply remove old outer leaves to redirect energy to new growth, but check for nitrogen deficiency if it spreads rapidly.